This is perhaps the most important metric in the economics of animal protein production. Calves will need a higher level of nutrition to allow for their growth, while mature dry cows will need a relatively low level of nutrition. Beef production in South Africa has a rich heritage, with cattle being used in the past and even today for different reasons in various cultures throughout the country. Conformation. Compared with other dairy animals, cattle present many advantages in terms of ease of milking, udder size and the animal’s ability to store milk, and milk yield. 1. One reason the breed is so popular is their carcass characteristics, which are marketed as yielding well-marbled, flavorful beef. Cuts of beef refer to the portions of a bovine animal. refers to a general family grouping of cattle. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Backgrounders are cattle operations that take weaned calves and feed them summer grass  to add weight before being sent to a feedyard for finishing. A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding. Feed requirements also increase for cold weather and especially for cold rains. A USDA approved Process Verified Program requires a company or business entity to implement a Quality Management System, based upon ISO 9000 standards, and to provide products or services which consistently meet specified product requirements. This can be further refined by using the inbreeding, linebreeding, closebreeding, outcrossing, and grading-up subcategories. All cattle farmers must be totally committed to producing safe food. The most commonly used systems are cow-calf, backgrounding, and finish-ing operations. Cattle were first imported into the New World by the Spanish in 1541. 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. The role of firm size and its relationship to adoption has been of long-term interest to researchers. The packer harvests the cattle and sells the meat in carcass boxed form. Each has its advantages and disadvantages but may improve a group of animals. By feeding cattle in feedlots, finished cattle weighing 1,200 to 1,500 pounds can be marketed at 16 to 22 months of age. Some … In terms of total biomass they probably outweigh humans. Homogenization: A process applied to milk that results in fat globules being reduced in size to allow a smooth consistency. Backgrounders/Stockers are terms sometimes used synonymously. Cod. The extreme example of soil pugging is obvious, but the effect of cattle simply treading on the plants and soil is often not appreciated. This term is used also as a generic reference to cattle. Low-cost operations had significantly larger cowherds than high-cost operations. Cutability is defined as the percentage of closely trimmed, boneless, retail cuts from the round, loin, rib and chuck — the four major beef wholesale cuts. Corn (maize) silage produces heavy yields per acre at a low cost and makes excellent roughage for beef-cattle finishing. an animal that is a product of the crossing of two or more breeds: Term. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. Cattle Terminology:  Bulls, Springers, Freemartins. Cleaning a cow. Chevon: The meat of goat. In 2001, a USDA report found economies of scale were related to low-cost vs. high- cost beef cattle producers (Short 2001). Ram UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1367 • Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition 3 The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is the feed bill. 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. Yearling: Definition. Stocker cattle are normally marketed or transported to feedlots at the end of the grazing season when nutritional quality of the forage begins to decline. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); "ox" may also be used to refer to some carcase products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood or ox-liver. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding. 4. To keep this cost low, one must sup-ply the right amount of feed to the animals. Bovine – the scientific name for cattle The role of firm size and its relationship to adoption has been of long-term interest to researchers. Cream is used to produce products such as ice cream, half and half, and whipping and heavy cream. Cow-calf operations maintain a breeding herd of cows, replacement heifers (young females) and bulls. remnants of steer scrotum. The Black Angus cattle breed came to … In South Africa the most common beef production systems are weaner-, long yearling (tolly)- and two-year old (ox) systems. In the U.S. and Canada there are 8 primal cuts. Feeder cattle are steers or heifers mature enough to be placed in a feedlot where they will be fattened prior to slaughter. first milk-like substance produced by the female after parturition, which is thick, yellow, and high in protein and antibodies. Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded. a management unit that maintains a breeding herd of cows and produces weaned calves for sale: Term. Soil compaction, or ‘soil pugging’, due to the impact of cattle hooves, is inevitable with cattle production. The yield grade is important to producers because it can affect animal value and the overall economic returns from the animal. Steer calves and most heifer calves are sold, but some may be selected to enter the breeding herd. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows … CREAM. Beef cattle will have varying requirements depending on their age and stage of production. Cream also is dried and powdered, and some is condensed by evaporation and canned. A USDA approved Process Verified Program requires a company or business entity to implement a Quality Management System, based upon ISO 9000 standards, and to provide products or services which consistently meet specified product requirements. Buying-in systems are also commonly used, in which animals are bought, kept for a time during which they are usually fed to … A compilation of cattle terms and definitions from words commonly used to describe cattle. Grazing industries are generally considered to be more benign than cropping systems in terms of their effect on the environment. The breed Red and White Holstein cattle originated in the US, and Canada is a dual purpose breed used for both milk and meat production. That is why they are called herbivores and they are also known as ruminants (because they have one stomach with four compartments). UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1367 • Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition 3 The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is the feed bill. Ruminant (cud-chewing) animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats convert large quantities of pasture forage, harvested roughage, or by-product feeds, as well as nonprotein nitrogen such as urea, into meat, milk, and wool. A mature female of cattle that has delivered a calf, usually around 2 years of age. Raising CattleThe Stages of Beef ProductionBeef production represents the largest single segment of American agriculture. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder-calves or simply feeders. The only modern usage we can find is by crossword compilers stuck for a word. Think of it as your hotel room cost. Producers tend to use yield grades more than consumers. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. This listing will also be helpful when reading articles on animal feeding and nutrition, feed analysis reports or tags associated with feeds sold in the market. shape and body type of an animal. Yield grades are expressed in numbers that estimate the percentage of expected cutability from a carcass. Feeder calves are less than 1 year old; feeder yearlings are between 1 and 2 years old. Fat Thickness, inches)+(0.20*%Kidney, Pelvic and Heart)+(0.0038*Hot Carcass Wt., pounds)-(0.32*Ribeye Area, square inches). The goal of seedstock production is to make genetic improvements in cattle that benefit the entire beef industry. 2. Prolificacy: This is an ability to produce large number of off springs. An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the USA and Canada. Common Terms Used in ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION . Bloom - An inclusive term used to describe the general look of a healthy, clean, lustrous hair coat. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the gender is unknown. Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather.They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). It appears to be a term local to parts of North America, mainly central USA and even there does not seem to be in common use. Where cattle are kept for production, beef farming can be a primary or a secondary enterprise. In all cattle species, a female that is the twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin. Family Farm: Proprietorships, partnerships or family operations that do not have hired managers. Since then breeds from England, Europe and India have been introduced, trying to create the best producing cattle that make the best use of the available feed on different ranges. Ruminant (cud-chewing) animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats convert large quantities of pasture forage, harvested roughage, or by-product feeds, as well as nonprotein nitrogen such as urea, into meat, milk, and wool. The yield grade is determined by evaluating four carcass factors: There are five yield grades: USDA yield grades 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Mutton: The meat of sheep or goat. In experimental trials, using typical commercial stocking rates, yield reductions of at least 20% have resulted. COW-CALF OPERATIONS Mainly family owned and operated, cow-calf operations involve keeping mature cattle We'll help you find ways to avoid them to help animals and the planet. Other commonly used cattle terms. According to USDA, 99% of dairy farms in the U.S. are family-owned and operated. 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