This statement is just another product of the black legend that surrounds the Spanish period in the Philippines. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.[20][21]. Every barangay was further divided into "barrios", and the barrio government (village or district) rested on the barrio administrator (cabeza de barangay). Anda intercepted and redirected the Manila galleon trade to prevent further captures by the British. After the Liberals won the Spanish Revolution of 1868, Carlos María de la Torre was sent to the Philippines to serve as governor-general (1869–1871). [citation needed]. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.[44]. In the 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590. Following several more Spanish expeditions, the first permanent settlement was established in Cebu in 1565. [4]:79 Legazpi then made Manila the capital of the Philippines. In 1570 Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. The previously dominant groups resisted Spanish rule, refusing to pay Spanish taxes and rejecting Spanish excesses. Chapter 9 of the Cadiz Constitution established that all villages and towns in the kingdom should have one school for basic literacy and numeracy, i.e. Spanish Regime When the Spaniards reached our shores, they used dramas such as zarzuelas as a pedagogical tool to influence the pagan tribes and teach them about Christianity and religion. "sons of the country"). Moros from western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. II ( 1840), Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website, "The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries", "The Philippines: historical demographic data of the whole country", "Censos de Cúba, Puerto Rico, Filipinas y España. The Governor-General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard, a Spaniard born in Spain, to ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown or tiara. Manilawas made the capital of the Philippines in 1… The archipelago was Spain's outpost in the orient and Manila became the capital of the entire Spanish East Indies. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. On April 25, 1898, the Spanish–American War began. On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. The governor-general was civil head of the church in the islands, but the archbishop vied with him for political supremacy. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines, usually not ethnic Filipinos. He led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British confined to Manila and sabotaged or crushed British-fomented revolts, such as the revolt by Diego Silang. [55][56] On November 1, the Tejeros government was supplanted by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The revolt occurred in the same year as the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked the palisaded yet poorly defended enclosure of … They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag. Following several more Spanish expeditions, the first permanent settlement was established in Cebu in 1565. The foundations of teacher education in the Philippines were laid by the Spanish government during the mid-eighteenth century. The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $800,000 or 40,104,392.82542 pesos to be paid by the colonial government. José de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of intellectuals who can produce new, useful ideas, formally established the Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country, after the model of the Royal Basque Society. Manila, Philippines: R. P. Garcia, 1949. This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later reduced to 15 days. The Spanish Era in the Philippines When European traders, in search for a new route to the Spice Islands, stumbled into the Philippine archipelago in 1521, they found the people living in a comparatively high state of civilization. Fashion and clothing in the Philippines refers to the way the people of Filipino society dress up in instances such as while they are at home, at work, travelling and when attending special occasions.. The Philippines were ruled by Spain for more than three centuries. The polista were according to law, to be given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not receive.[37]. In addition, men conscripted from Peru, were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao, to wage war upon Muslim defenders[12] There were also communities of Spanish-Mestizos that developed in Iloilo,[13] Negros[14] and Vigan. [23], On February 8, 1597, King Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal Cedula instructing Francisco de Tello de Guzmán, then Governor-General of the Philippines to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from indigenous Filipinos. To dance the Tinikling, you need two pairs of bamboo poles that are each 6–12 feet long (about 1.8–3.7 meters). Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe. Throughout their rule, the Spanish government had faced numerous revolts across the country, most of which they had successfully quelled while others were won through agreements with the leaders of the revolts themselves. The unpacified military zones (corregimiento), such as Mariveles and Mindoro, were headed by the corregidores. On May 19, Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy ship and on May 24 took command of Filipino forces. The Insulares had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves Los hijos del país (lit. It was established by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized in April 1889. The priests and friars had a command of local languages rare among the lay Spanish, and in the provinces they outnumbered civil officials. The islands were part of the larger Spanish East Indies. There were three naval actions fought between Dutch corsairs and Spanish forces in 1610, 1617 and 1624. By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal, wherein everyone over 18 were required to pay for personal identification. Among the early proponents of Filipino nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Peláez, archbishop of Manila, who fought for the secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars; Padre José Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero José Rizal; and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. The Philippines under Spanish Regime 1. Previously, the Philippines was seen as a trading post for international trade but in the nineteenth century it was developed both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. Ruled and There was oral and written literature. E-mail Citation » A hefty tome close to 500 pages in length; the prolific and esteemed Filipino historian Gregorio Zaide organized an excellent survey. After 1821 the colony was governed directly from Spain. This Hispanic heritage is seen most prominently in three colonial-era neighborhoods—Vigan up north, Intramuros in the heart of the capital Manila, and Taal down south in Batangas Province. He dominated the Audiencia, or high court, was captain-general of the armed forces, and enjoyed the privilege of engaging in commerce for private profit. In late August Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan and declared the start of the revolution. The alcalde mayor was usually an Insular (Spaniard born in the Philippines). [33], The first vessel of the Royal Philippine Company to set sail was the "Nuestra Señora de los Placeres" commanded by the captain Juan Antonio Zabaleta. Female dancers usually wear a dress called a Balintawak (a colorful dress with arched sleeves) or a Patadyong (a checkered loose skirt that’s often worn with a thin-fibered blouse). Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindáo. Spanish Colonial Government 1. He intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice, finance and the municipal police. Spanish friars of the Dominican Order, ca 1875-1880. This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 12:50. to Manila to be sold in exchange for Spanish silver dollars or 8-Real coins which came aboard the galleons from Acapulco. primary schools, where children should be taught to read, write and count, and also the catechism of the Catholic Church. in 1565 between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, then in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Dutch and British both bitterly opposed it because they saw the company as a direct attack on their trade in ASia. taken from the Principalía, the noble class of pre-colonial origin. In spite of the lack of incentive in the school system for organized physical education and the opposition of the priests to games, dances, and physical exercises not connected with church activities, the Filipinos still indulged in them in their private gatherings. In many areas, the Spanish left indigenous groups to administer their own affairs but under Spanish overlordship. This is a comprehensive practice exam for a Philippine History book. It pushed the reform movement and carried out the propaganda work. The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago. [citation needed] Following the Bourbon Restoration in Spain and the removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General Izquierdo who vowed to rule with an iron fist. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain in the Philippines as colonizers. Our culture is a big reflection of our great and complex history. On August 13, 1898, during the Battle of Manila (1898), Americans took control of the city. On March 22, 1897, the convention established the Tejeros Revolutionary Government. Some its members included José Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, and Galicano Apacible. Estudio de su relación", https://books.google.com/books?id=kbWv-pZy5H0C&pg=PA1, "Rostros de piedra; biografías de un mundo perdido", https://www.studymode.com/essays/Polo-y-Servicio-1880531.html, "11. Source: philippineamericanwar.webs.com. AIMS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION THREE G’s God propagation of Catholic Christianity Gold economic wealth / acquire riches Glory to be the greatest empire in the world 2. The Dutch next attacked Pampanga, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. In the ensuing Battle of Mactan, Magellan and other Spanish soldiers lost their lives, outnumbered by the Mactan tribesmen. [48] By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. The industrialization of Europe created great demands for raw materials from the colonies, bringing with it investment and wealth. In 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina, which included Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano, founded the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), called simply the Katipunan, which had the objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire. Filipino forces had liberated much of the country from the Spanish. [41], The early success at Manila did not enable the British to control the Philippines. Spanish-Filipino forces kept the British confined to Manila. In the Philippines, due to limited resources of toys of Filipino children, they usually come up on inventing games without the need of anything but the players themselves. During most of the Spanish colonial period the Philippine colonial economy depended on the Galleon Trade which was inaugurated[by whom?] Alcaldia which recognized Spain's possession over the land 2. corregimiento where the people had not succumbed to its ruling power. Enigma Books. The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufactures created much local wealth. Until 1898, the Philippines was a Spanish colony ruled by the Spanish king whose local representative in the Philippines was the Governor-General, who was the representative of the Spanish king. Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. But as the Christian laity grew in number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it became increasingly difficult to prevent the preservation of ancient beliefs and customs under Roman Catholic garb. Another important form of theater popularized during the Spanish colonization is the comedia , also known as moro-moro, linambay, or arakyo. On that date, Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law. [49][failed verification] Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipuneros of Cavite were the most successful of the rebels[50] and they controlled most of their province by September–October. Cavite, Philippines. However, Dutch aid did not materialize or have objects to provide them. After three years of service, a cabeza was qualified for election to the office of the gobernadorcillo. City governments (ayuntamientos), were also headed by an alcalde mayor. The Lakandula and Soliman|Sulayman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt,was an uprising in 1574 against Spanish colonial rule led by Lakandula and Rajah Soliman in Tondo Manila. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vessels. In times of war, the encomendero was duty bound to provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the complete defense of the colony from potential invasions of outside powers such as the Dutch, British and Chinese. Average score for this quiz is 10 / 15.Difficulty: Average.Played 5,148 times. SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH COLONIAL RULE First Spanish Governor -General in the Philippines. He arrived in March 1521 during his circumnavigation of the globe. Forty-four years after Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines and died in the Battle of Mactan in 1521, the Spanish explored and colonialized the islands, starting with the founding of Cebu by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565. Composed of leading men in local and foreign scholarships and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. Tokyo set up an ostensibly independent republic, which was opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached large-scale proportions. Nevertheless, the British were confident of eventual success after receiving the written surrender of captured Catholic Archbishop Rojo on October 30, 1762. As of Jan 21 21. Pn Strategic Sail Plan 2020 Quiz Pn Strategic Sail Plan 2020 Quiz Pre-Colonial Period: The History Of The Philippines Quiz Pre-Colonial Period: The History Of The Philippines Quiz New York, United States of America. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from the French and American Revolutions. Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to this trade. primary schools, where children should be taught to read, write and count, and also the catechism of the Catholic Church. For this reason, the Filipinos became followers to the Spaniards in their own country. It is estimated that there were 35 masonic lodges in the Philippines in 1893 of which nine were in Manila. Madrid administered the colony through the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico) until 1821 (when Mexico achieved independence from Spain). Another important form of theater popularized during the Spanish colonization is the comedia , also known as moro-moro, linambay, or arakyo. Many Filipinos prospered. On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo established the First Philippine Republic in Malolos. His expedition also named Luzon Nueva Castilla (New Castile). Traditional Filipino Games or Indigenous games in the Philippines (Tagalog: Laro ng Lahi) are games commonly played by children, usually using native materials or instruments. Philippines - Philippines - The Spanish period: Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. Economic and political institutions were also altered under Spanish impact but perhaps less thoroughly than in the religious realm. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [17] To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses across the archipelago. With the seat of power in Intramuros, Manila, the Governor-General was given several duties: head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of Manila; Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and the economic planner of the country. His novels were considered[by whom?] After Rajah Patis of Cebu, some indigenous Filipino nobles resisted Spanish rule. Filipino forces then laid siege to Manila, as had American forces. [38][39][40], In August 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne. See Spanish dollar.The local salapi continued under Spanish rule as a half-peso coin. The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican silver not only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick profit, but it also attracted a large Chinese community. It did not last long after he resigned from being its worshipful master on November 29, 1889. On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad, in present-day Mexico. But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the Spanish called Moros, were never completely subdued by Spain. [30] However, the trade did result in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines such as tomatoes, avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple, and horses. Hurley, V. (1937). Manila became a major center of trade in Asia between the 17th and 18th centuries. The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago. In return, the person granted the encomienda, known as an encomendero, was tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants, justice and governance. The first Filipino Masonic lodge was Revoluccion. 7. The Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities. The socioeconomic consequences of the Spanish policies that accompanied this shift reinforced class differences. T here were formerly in Manila Latinity schools where that language was taught together with a little Spanish, the only mandatory requirements for the study of philosophy, theology and jurisprudence in the University of … He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented. Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their own. Manila was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. Time to test your knowledge. Cerberus Books. It may be said that joining masonry was one activity that both the reformists and the Katipuneros shared. Immediately upon its publication, he became a target for the police who even shadowed him when he returned to the Philippines in 1887. The officials of the pueblo were proficient. 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